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    Northern Renaissance Art

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    Burgundy and Flanders, 14th-15th century
    – The most powerful ruler north of the Alps during the first three-quarters of the 15th century wee the dukes of Burgundy. They controlled Flanders, which derived its wealth from wool and banking
    – Duke Philip the Bold was the great patron of the Carthusian monastery at Champmol, near Dijon. He employed Claus Sluter, whose Well of Moses features innovative statues of prophets with portrait-like features and realistic costumes
    – Flemish painters popularized the use of oil paints on wooden panels. By superimposing translucent glazes, they created richer colors than possible using tempera or fresco.
    – A major art form in churches and private homes alike was the altarpiece with folding wings. Campin’s Merode Altarpiece is an early example painted in oil, in which the Annunciation take place in a Flemish home. Typical of Northern Ren painting, the everyday objects depicted often have symbolic significance.
    – Van Eyck and Vander Weyden established portraiture as an important art form in 15th cen flanders. Van Eyck’s self portrait reveals the growing self-awareness of Renaissance artists
    Claus Sluter
Well of Moses
Dijon, France
1395-1406
Limestone with traces of paint 
- The well of Moses, a symbolic fountain of life made for the duke of Burgundy, originally supported a Crucifixion group. Sluter's figures recall the jamb statues of French Gothic portals but are far more realistic
    Claus Sluter
    Well of Moses
    Dijon, France
    1395-1406
    Limestone with traces of paint
    – The well of Moses, a symbolic fountain of life made for the duke of Burgundy, originally supported a Crucifixion group. Sluter’s figures recall the jamb statues of French Gothic portals but are far more realistic
    Robert Campin 
Merode Altarpiece 
ca. 1425-1428
Oil on wood
- Campin set the Annunciation in a Flemish merchant's home in which the everyday objects represented have symbolic significance. Oil paints permitted Campin to depict all the details with loving fidelity
- Private commission for a household 
- In the right panel, Joseph has made a mousetrap, symbolic of the theological tradition that Christ is bait set in the trap of the world - center panel, the book, extinguished candle, and lilies represent the Virgin's purity - in the left panel, the closed garden is symbolic of Mary's purity and her virtues
    Robert Campin
    Merode Altarpiece
    ca. 1425-1428
    Oil on wood
    – Campin set the Annunciation in a Flemish merchant’s home in which the everyday objects represented have symbolic significance. Oil paints permitted Campin to depict all the details with loving fidelity
    – Private commission for a household
    – In the right panel, Joseph has made a mousetrap, symbolic of the theological tradition that Christ is bait set in the trap of the world – center panel, the book, extinguished candle, and lilies represent the Virgin’s purity – in the left panel, the closed garden is symbolic of Mary’s purity and her virtues
    Jan Van Eyck
Ghent Altarpiece (closed)
Ghent, Belgium 
completed 1432
Oil on wood
- Monumental painted altarpieces were popular in the 15th century Flemish churches. Artists decorated both the interiors and exteriors of these hinged polyptychs, which often, as here, included donor portraits
- One of the largest altarpieces of the 15th century 
- Flemish town represented
    Jan Van Eyck
    Ghent Altarpiece (closed)
    Ghent, Belgium
    completed 1432
    Oil on wood
    – Monumental painted altarpieces were popular in the 15th century Flemish churches. Artists decorated both the interiors and exteriors of these hinged polyptychs, which often, as here, included donor portraits
    – One of the largest altarpieces of the 15th century
    – Flemish town represented
    Jan Van Eyck
Giovanii Arnolfini and His Bride
1434
Oil on wood
- Van Eyck played a major role in popularizing oil painting and in establishing portraiture as an important art form. In this portrait of an Italian Financier and his wife, he also portrayed himself in the mirror 
- Emerging capitalism led to an urban prosperity that fueled the growing bourgeois market for art objects - contributing to the growing interest of secular art
- Different objects symbolize different things
    Jan Van Eyck
    Giovanii Arnolfini and His Bride
    1434
    Oil on wood
    – Van Eyck played a major role in popularizing oil painting and in establishing portraiture as an important art form. In this portrait of an Italian Financier and his wife, he also portrayed himself in the mirror
    – Emerging capitalism led to an urban prosperity that fueled the growing bourgeois market for art objects – contributing to the growing interest of secular art
    – Different objects symbolize different things
    Jan van Eyck
Man in a Red Turban
1433
Oil on wood
- Man in a red turban seems to be the first Western painted portrait in a thousand years in which the sitter looks directly at the viewer. The inscribed fram suggests it is a self portrait of Jan van Eyck
- Patrons wanted to memorialize themselves in their dynastic lines and to establish their identities, ranks, and stations with images far more concrete than heraldic coats of arms
    Jan van Eyck
    Man in a Red Turban
    1433
    Oil on wood
    – Man in a red turban seems to be the first Western painted portrait in a thousand years in which the sitter looks directly at the viewer. The inscribed fram suggests it is a self portrait of Jan van Eyck
    – Patrons wanted to memorialize themselves in their dynastic lines and to establish their identities, ranks, and stations with images far more concrete than heraldic coats of arms
    Jan Van Eyck
Ghent Altarpiece (open)
Ghent, Belgium
completed 1432
Oil on wood
- In this painting of salvation from the Original Sin of Adam and Eve, God the Father presides in majesty. Van Eyck rendered every figure, garment, and object with fidelity to appearance
- Theme of salvation 
- This kind of meticulous attention to recording the exact surface appearance of humans, animals, objects, and landscapes, already evident in the Merode Altarpiece, became the hallmark of Flemish panel painting in the 15th century
    Jan Van Eyck
    Ghent Altarpiece (open)
    Ghent, Belgium
    completed 1432
    Oil on wood
    – In this painting of salvation from the Original Sin of Adam and Eve, God the Father presides in majesty. Van Eyck rendered every figure, garment, and object with fidelity to appearance
    – Theme of salvation
    – This kind of meticulous attention to recording the exact surface appearance of humans, animals, objects, and landscapes, already evident in the Merode Altarpiece, became the hallmark of Flemish panel painting in the 15th century
    Hugo van der Goes
Portinari Altarpiece (open)
Florence, Italy 
ca. 1476
Tempera and oil on wood
- This altarpiece is a rare instance of the awarding of a major commission in Florence to a Flemish painter. The Italians admired the incredibly realistic details an Hugo's brilliant portrayal of human character
-
    Hugo van der Goes
    Portinari Altarpiece (open)
    Florence, Italy
    ca. 1476
    Tempera and oil on wood
    – This altarpiece is a rare instance of the awarding of a major commission in Florence to a Flemish painter. The Italians admired the incredibly realistic details an Hugo’s brilliant portrayal of human character
    Dirk Bouts
Last Supper, center panel of the Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament
Louvain, Belgium
1464-1468
Oil on wood
- One of the earliest Northern European paintings to employ single-vanishing-point perspective, this last supper includes four servants in Flemish attire, probably portraits of the altarpieces patrons
    Dirk Bouts
    Last Supper, center panel of the Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament
    Louvain, Belgium
    1464-1468
    Oil on wood
    – One of the earliest Northern European paintings to employ single-vanishing-point perspective, this last supper includes four servants in Flemish attire, probably portraits of the altarpieces patrons
    Rogier van der Weyden
Deposition, center panel of a triptych 
Louvain, Belgium
ca. 1435 
Oil on wood
- Deposition resembles a relief carving in which the biblical figures act out a drama of passionate sorrow as if on a shallow theatrical stage.
    Rogier van der Weyden
    Deposition, center panel of a triptych
    Louvain, Belgium
    ca. 1435
    Oil on wood
    – Deposition resembles a relief carving in which the biblical figures act out a drama of passionate sorrow as if on a shallow theatrical stage.
    Hans Memling
Virgin with Saints and Angels, center panel of the Saint John Altarpiece
Bruges, Belgium 
1470
Oil on wood
- Memling specialized in images of the Madonna. His Saint John Altarpiece exudes an opulence that results from the sparkling and luminous colors and the realistic depiction of rich tapestries and brocades
- Patrons are shown on the side panels
    Hans Memling
    Virgin with Saints and Angels, center panel of the Saint John Altarpiece
    Bruges, Belgium
    1470
    Oil on wood
    – Memling specialized in images of the Madonna. His Saint John Altarpiece exudes an opulence that results from the sparkling and luminous colors and the realistic depiction of rich tapestries and brocades
    – Patrons are shown on the side panels
    France, 14th-15th century
    – During the 15th century, the Hundred Years’ War crippled the French economy, but dukes and members of the royal court still commissioned some notable works
    – The Limbourg brothers expanded the illusionistic capabilities of manuscript illumination in the Book of Hours they produced. Their full-page calendar pictures alternately represent the nobility and the peasantry, always in naturalistic settings with realistically painted figures
    Limbourg Brothers
January, from Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry 
1413-1416
Ink on vellum
- The pictures in Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry depict characteristic activities of each month and gives unusual prominence to genre subjects, reflecting the increasing integration of religious and secular art
- Translates to The Very Sumptuous Hours of the Duke of Berry - a book of hours was used for reciting prayers
    Limbourg Brothers
    January, from Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry
    1413-1416
    Ink on vellum
    – The pictures in Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry depict characteristic activities of each month and gives unusual prominence to genre subjects, reflecting the increasing integration of religious and secular art
    – Translates to The Very Sumptuous Hours of the Duke of Berry – a book of hours was used for reciting prayers
    Limbourg Brothers
February, from Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry 
1413-1416
Ink on vellum 
- The pictures in Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry depict characteristic activities of each month and gives unusual prominence to genre subjects, reflecting the increasing integration of religious and secular art
- Translates to The Very Sumptuous Hours of the Duke of Berry - a book of hours was used for reciting prayers 
- They expanded the illusionistic capabilities of manuscript painting with their care in rendering architectural details and convincing depictions of shadows cast by people and objects
    Limbourg Brothers
    February, from Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry
    1413-1416
    Ink on vellum
    – The pictures in Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry depict characteristic activities of each month and gives unusual prominence to genre subjects, reflecting the increasing integration of religious and secular art
    – Translates to The Very Sumptuous Hours of the Duke of Berry – a book of hours was used for reciting prayers
    – They expanded the illusionistic capabilities of manuscript painting with their care in rendering architectural details and convincing depictions of shadows cast by people and objects
    Holy Roman Empire, 14th-15th century
    – The Late Gothic style remianed popular in 15th century Germany for large carved wooden retables featuring highly emotive figures amid Gothic tracery
    – The major German innovation of the 15th century was the development of the printing press, which soon was used to produce books with woodcut illustrations. Woodcuts are relief prints in which the artist carves out the area around the printed lines, a method that requires the images to be conceptualized negatively
    – German artists such as Martin Schongauer were also the earliest masters of engraving. This intaglio technique allows for a wider variety of linear effects because the artist incises the image directly onto a metal plate
    Konrad Witz
Miraculous Draught of Fish, from the Altarpiece of Saint Peter
Geneva, Switzerland
1444
Oil on wood
- Konrad Witz set this Gospel episode on Lake Geneva. The painting is one of the first 15th century works depicting a specific landscape and is noteworthy for the painter's skill in rendering water effects
    Konrad Witz
    Miraculous Draught of Fish, from the Altarpiece of Saint Peter
    Geneva, Switzerland
    1444
    Oil on wood
    – Konrad Witz set this Gospel episode on Lake Geneva. The painting is one of the first 15th century works depicting a specific landscape and is noteworthy for the painter’s skill in rendering water effects
    Martin Schongauer 
Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons
ca. 1480-1490
Engraving 
- Martin Schongauer was the most skilled of the early masters of metal engraving. By using a burin to incise lines in a copper plate, he was able to create a marvelous variety of tonal values and textures
    Martin Schongauer
    Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons
    ca. 1480-1490
    Engraving
    – Martin Schongauer was the most skilled of the early masters of metal engraving. By using a burin to incise lines in a copper plate, he was able to create a marvelous variety of tonal values and textures
    Holy Roman Empire, 16th-17th century
    – Widespread dissatisfaction with the Church in Rome led to the Protestant Reformation, splitting Christendom in half. Protestants object to the sale of indulgences and rejected most of the sacraments of the Catholic Church. They also condemned ostentatious church decoration as a form of idolatry that distracted the faithful from communication with God
    – As a result, Protestant churches were relatively bare, but art, especially prints, still played a role in Protestantism.
    – The greatest printmaker of the Holy Roman Empire was Durer, who was also a painter. Durer was the first artist outside Italy to become an international celebraty. His work reanged from biblical subjects to botanical studies. Fall of Man reflects Durer’s studies of Vitruvian theory of human proportions and of classical statuary
    – Other German artists, such as Hans Holbien was a renowned portraitist who became court painter in England. His French Ambassadors portrays two wordly humansts and includes a masterfully rendered anamorphic skull
    Matthias Grunewald
Isenheim Altarpiece (closed) 
Isenheim, Germany 
ca, 1510-1515
Oil on wood
- Befitting its setting in a monastic hospital, this altarpiece includes painted panels depicting suffering and disease but also miraculous healing, hope, and salvation
    Matthias Grunewald
    Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
    Isenheim, Germany
    ca, 1510-1515
    Oil on wood
    – Befitting its setting in a monastic hospital, this altarpiece includes painted panels depicting suffering and disease but also miraculous healing, hope, and salvation
    Matthias Grunewald
Center panel from Isenheim Altarpiece (closed) 
Isenheim, Germany 
ca, 1510-1515
Oil on wood
- Crucifixion in the center, reflects Catholic beliefs and incorporates several references to Catholic doctrines, such as the lamb (symbol of the son of God), whose wounds spurts blood into a chalice
    Matthias Grunewald
    Center panel from Isenheim Altarpiece (closed)
    Isenheim, Germany
    ca, 1510-1515
    Oil on wood
    – Crucifixion in the center, reflects Catholic beliefs and incorporates several references to Catholic doctrines, such as the lamb (symbol of the son of God), whose wounds spurts blood into a chalice
    Albrecht Durer
Fall of Man (Adam and Eve)
1504
Engraving 
- Albrecht Durer was the first Northern European artist to become an international celebrity. Fall of Man, with two figures based on ancient statues, reflects his studies of the Vitruvian theory of human proportions. 
- Name and date hanging from branch 
- Represents the first distillation of his studies of the Vitruvian theory of human proportions, a theory based on arithmetic ratios
    Albrecht Durer
    Fall of Man (Adam and Eve)
    1504
    Engraving
    – Albrecht Durer was the first Northern European artist to become an international celebrity. Fall of Man, with two figures based on ancient statues, reflects his studies of the Vitruvian theory of human proportions.
    – Name and date hanging from branch
    – Represents the first distillation of his studies of the Vitruvian theory of human proportions, a theory based on arithmetic ratios
    Albrecht Durer 
Knight, Death, and the Devil 
1513
Engraving 
- Durer's Christian knight, armed with his faith, rides fearlessly through a meticulously rendered landscape, challenging both Death and the Devil. The engraving rivals the tonal range of painting
    Albrecht Durer
    Knight, Death, and the Devil
    1513
    Engraving
    – Durer’s Christian knight, armed with his faith, rides fearlessly through a meticulously rendered landscape, challenging both Death and the Devil. The engraving rivals the tonal range of painting
    Albrecht Durer
Four Apostles
1526 
Oil on wood 
- Durer's support for Lutheranism surfaced in his portrait-like depictions of four saints o two painted panels. Peter, representative of the pope in Rome, plays a secondary role behind John the Evangelist
- Mark and Paul on the right panel
    Albrecht Durer
    Four Apostles
    1526
    Oil on wood
    – Durer’s support for Lutheranism surfaced in his portrait-like depictions of four saints o two painted panels. Peter, representative of the pope in Rome, plays a secondary role behind John the Evangelist
    – Mark and Paul on the right panel
    Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait 
1500
Oil on panel 
- Making direct eye contact with the viewer 
- Made to look Jesus-like
    Albrecht Durer
    Self-Portrait
    1500
    Oil on panel
    – Making direct eye contact with the viewer
    – Made to look Jesus-like
    Hans Holbein the Younger
The French Ambassadors
1533
Oil and tempera on wood
- In this double portrait, Holdein depicted two humanists with a collection of objects reflective of their worldliness and learning, but he also included an anamorphic skull, a reminder of death
    Hans Holbein the Younger
    The French Ambassadors
    1533
    Oil and tempera on wood
    – In this double portrait, Holdein depicted two humanists with a collection of objects reflective of their worldliness and learning, but he also included an anamorphic skull, a reminder of death
    The Netherlands, 16th-17th century
    – The Netherlands was one of the most commercially advanced and prosperous countries in 16th century Europe. Much of Netherlandish art of this period provided a picture of contemporary life and values
    – Pieter Brugel’s repertory also included landscape painting. His hunters in the snow is one of a series of paintings depicting seasonal changes of the year and the activities associated with them, as in traditional Books of Hours
    – Prominent female artists of the period include Caterina van Hemmessen, who painted the first known Northern European self-portrait of a woman, and Levina Teerlinc, who painted portraits for the English Court
    Hieronymus Bosch
Garden of Earthly Delights
1505-1510
Oil on wood
- Bosch was the most imaginative and enigmatic painter of his era. In this triptych, which may commemorate a wedding, he created a fantasy world filled with nude men and women and bizarre creatures and objects 
- Left panel- God presents Eve to Adam in a landscape, Garden of Eden 
- Right panel- in contrast, bombards viewers with the horrors of Hell 
- Center panel - nude people blithely cavort in a landscape dotted with bizarre creates and unidentifiable objects, many symbols for fertility suggest procreation, orgaistic overtones - possibly interpreted as a last judgment triptych
    Hieronymus Bosch
    Garden of Earthly Delights
    1505-1510
    Oil on wood
    – Bosch was the most imaginative and enigmatic painter of his era. In this triptych, which may commemorate a wedding, he created a fantasy world filled with nude men and women and bizarre creatures and objects
    – Left panel- God presents Eve to Adam in a landscape, Garden of Eden
    – Right panel- in contrast, bombards viewers with the horrors of Hell
    – Center panel – nude people blithely cavort in a landscape dotted with bizarre creates and unidentifiable objects, many symbols for fertility suggest procreation, orgaistic overtones – possibly interpreted as a last judgment triptych
    Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Hunters in the Snow
1565
Oil on wood
- One of a series of paintings illustrating annual seasonal changes, Bruegel draws the viewer diagonally deep into the landscape by his mastery of line, shape, and composition 
- Actually depicting the type of winter they had in 1565
    Pieter Bruegel the Elder
    Hunters in the Snow
    1565
    Oil on wood
    – One of a series of paintings illustrating annual seasonal changes, Bruegel draws the viewer diagonally deep into the landscape by his mastery of line, shape, and composition
    – Actually depicting the type of winter they had in 1565
    Pieter Bruegel the Elder
The Harvest
1565 
Oil on wood
- Another painting of six depicting conditions and activity during different times of a year
    Pieter Bruegel the Elder
    The Harvest
    1565
    Oil on wood
    – Another painting of six depicting conditions and activity during different times of a year

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    Northern Renaissance Art. (2017, Aug 28). Retrieved from https://artscolumbia.org/northern-renaissance-art-15994/

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