Music Appreciation

Bretten, 1946;
Classical;
Triple meter opening, then duple and compound;
Homophonic except for the polyphonic ending;
Togetherness of whole symphony, then highlights separate pieces of the symphony (woodwinds, brass, percussion), and then the whole symphony together again.

Hildegard of Bingen, Middle Ages;
Chant; Sacred;
Monophonic;
Mass;

Notre Dame School
Middle Ages
Genre: Organum
Monophonic;
Sustained voice in the background, higher voices have melody/chant.

No composer;
Middle Ages;
Genre: Perpetual Round
“Sing cucu”
Rounds used
Secular

Machaut;
Renaissance;
Genre: Chanson;
Secular;
Conjunct melody with a low range; slow triple meter; open cadences at phrase endings.

Josquin;
Renaissance;
genre: Motet;
sacred;
duple to triple to duple;
polyphonic rounds are used.

Palestrina;
Renaissance;
Mass,ordinary;
duple;
starts monophonic, then polyphonic;
Focus on clarity of words; full, consonant harmony; shifts between high and low range;
think SHS Concert Choir 2010

Arcadelt
Renaissance
Italian madrigal
Duple, consonant harmony, mostly homophonic;
word-painting; repetition.

Farmer
Renaissance
English Madrigal
Duple to triple to duple.
Monophonic;
Light-hearted, dance-like.
“up and down up and down up and down”

Susato
Renaissance
Genre: Round dance
(instrumental)
duple
mostly homophonic
four-piece ensemble (loud wind band– has really obnoxious bagpipes sounding thing)

Handel
Genre: Oratorio
(Baroque period)
I: Christmas section: Rejoice, rejoice (annoying opera girl)
II: Easter: (Hallelujah Chorus)
III: Redemption (Not played)

Purcell
English Opera
Baroque;
Playful tune; sprightly tempo; triple meter; “come away fellow sailors”
string orchestra, solo male voice and men’s chorus;
response = female, slow, sad.

Barbara Strozzi (Barbara Streisand)
Baroque
Genre: Da capro aria
Solo soprano with harpsichord or base lute.
Consonant Harmony,
homophonic,
triple meter, for the most part.
Italian

Bach
Cantata
Baroque
I:choir with sopranos and tenors; upbeat.
IV: slower, tenors, set against counter-melody in strings.

D major, Alla hornpipe
Handel
Baroque
Genre: Dance suite
Instrument groups exchange motivic ideas; triple meter; sprightly tempo; polyphonic

Mouret
Baroque
Genre: Rondeau, from dance suite
Fanfare-like opening in regular phases;
duple meter;
varied dynamics and instrumentation;
trumpets sticking out.

1600-1750
Ends with death of Bach.
Lavish aristocratic courts.
Instrumental music on equal footing with vocal music.
Common for (middle-class and up) women to be taught music.

1450-1600
Ends with death of Elizabeth I.

476-1450
Starts with sacking of Rome.

Vivaldi
Op.8 No.1
Baroque
Programmatic concerto
Solo violin, string orchestra and basso continuo (keyboard)
Very common musical piece.
word-painting of images from Italian sonnet that the piece is based on.

Bach
Baroque
Fugue
solo Organ playing
Minor key

Organ and harpsichord

baroque trumpet, baroque horn, sackbut

transverse flute, oboe, recorder, bassoon

Used to supply accompaniment with solo singers or to provide harmony for orchestra. Comprised of harpsichord and cello.

Shorthand notation usually supplied for the basso continuo to understand the harmony that goes along with the more specific composition written for the orchestra.

solo and grosso.

one instrument with orchestral accompaniment; most common today.

group of solo instruments with orchestral accompaniment;
unique to baroque period.

concertino and ripieno

small group of featured soloists.

large group of orchestral accompaniment in a concerto grosso.

Baroque musical genre, usually reserved for popular dances during the time period.

Italian and French.
Lay the groundwork for the development of full-fledged symphonies.

fast-slow-fast pattern.

slow section followed by fast section.

Baroque composer;
appeals to wide audience;
generally secular music;
preferred by aristocracy;
Italian opera;
Raised in non-musical family.

Church musician,organist;
Raised in musical dynastic family in Germany;
Devout Lutheran;
Wrote so much music for Lutheran liturgy that the Lutheran church rivaled the Catholic church in music;
Wrote highly intellectual music;
Martin Luther’s legacy;
Wrote pieces that were harmonization of already composed Lutheran choral tunes.

Modified Gregorian chant to create Lutheran hymns;
First sung in unison, then broken into four-part harmony (thick, complex, highly polyphonic, very different than Catholic music, very beautiful).

Musical genre with vocal solos with primarily religious-based lyrics.

recitatives and arias

More beautiful, structured form of singing, with not much offered for the plot, within a cantata or opera.
Solo voice with orchestral accompaniment; much more melodic than a recitative.

Speech-like form of singing found in cantatas and opera.
Offers information to the plot.
Movement of larger work.
Imitates rhythm and pitch fluctuations of speech;
Often preceeds an aria.

Baroque composer;
Italian violinist;
wrote Four Seasons solo concerto.

church, chamber, and trio.

serious in nature

to be played in parlor/chamber for parties

Musical genre with several movements and soloist accompaniment.

Four instruments: two violins and continuo (harpsichord and cello).

harpsichord, violas, cellos, violins, oboes (or any high pitched wind instrument available), bassoon, timpani, natural trumpets, double bass.

Biggest supporter of music in the Middle Ages.

earliest form of music;
purpose = praying/glorifying God;
This music promoted structure, focusing church-goers on the prayer/Biblical story.

set order of services in church;
performed in latin.

central service for catholics

ordinary and proper

music that could be played regardless of the time of year;
bulk of written music in the Middle Ages

music written for specific point in liturgy.

Singing school established by Pope Sylvester in the Middle ages.

600 AD, Pope Gregory reorganizes Schola Cantorum because music was too flowery and didn’t allow full focus on scripture.
Standardized liturgical repertory.

Focused more on words/easy to memorize, with small, easily reached range.
monophonic;
non-metric;
conjunct melodies;
no dynamic changes (it was deemed distracting)
oral transmission;
latin text.

First directional signs that were added above words of text to indicate general shape of the melody;
didn’t specify pitch or rhythm.
Four-lined staff that utilized square notes grew from Neumes.

neumatic and melismatic

2-4 notes per syllable of text

long passages of notes to a single syllable of text;
happens in Opera often;
very flowery for chant.

2 or more musical voices with equal importance throughout a piece of music;
Sprung up around 800-1250.

First form of polyphony;
second voice of gregorian chant;
not fully independent;
another interval above the melody, but it follows the rise and fall of the melodic notes exactly.

Responsible for the rise of polyphony in the Romanesque Period (850-1150);
Located in Paris, the center for new style of music;
Organum becomes more flowery

850-1150
Beginning of rise of polyphony and notated rhythm and pitch.

Combination of Latin sacred material and French secular text;Text assigned to added lines of melismatic organum (two or more voices together); used as secular music.

Popular French composer from the Middle Ages;
wrote both secular and sacred music;
Took sacred music and made it artistically beautiful for secular means.

new art

old art

majority was sacred, until the ending of the era;
majority was vocal, with very little instruments played;
instrumental and secular music was only heard on street corners;
Organ played in church.

Minstrels,
jongleurs, goliards (male),
jonleuresses, trobairitz (female)
Peasant class;
Traveling entertainers sang and played instruments; jugglers and acrobats; told stories and carried gossip.

symbolism, sacred society, worried about here-thereafter, no nudies in paintings.

realism
secular and sacred societies
worried more about here and now
naked people everywhere (nudity = bootyful)

Primarily reserved for sacred music, though still a motet.

Found in churches, cities, courts;
trades of instrument building, printing, music publishing rose;
merchant class music patrons (amateur musicians);
Church relents a bit on stranglehold on music composition;
Became typical for young women to have musical training.

a capella singing;
polyphony based on continuous imitation;
word-painting;
duple meter in secular society;
triple meter in sacred society;
Cantis Firmus
Professional singers in church setting.

using previously composed music and adapting or reforming it.

Greatest composer during the Renaissance;
composed 20 masses;
noted for 100+ motets;
humanism quality;
highly accessible to wide group of people;
began trend to put name on written compositions.

thought music second only to theology;
worked with composers to create Lutheran liturgy;
Father of Protestant Reformation;
Council of Trent.

Involved in Counter Reformation;
condemned corruption of chant by embellishment and use of instruments and incorporation of popular secular music in mass;
recommended pure vocal style that respected integrity of sacred texts.

Renaissance composer;
Wrote primarily sacred music for the mass;
composed over 100 masses.
Wrote Pope Marcellus Mass:
possibly wrote this to satisfy new strict demands of Council of Trent; text is clear and audible; changes texture from monophonic to polyphonic.

Late Renaissance composer that shifted between genres.

partsong;
secular;
women sang;

English and Italian.

over-the-top songs;
word-painting;
mushy and unnecessary;
in Italian.

Simpler and lighter in style than Italian;
In English;
Refrain syllables (fa la la);
Silly and trite.

lyric-driven French song;
usually secular and polyphonic

Genre in which pieces of Gregorian chant were recycled;
Gloria Movement

rich people supporting musicians and composers;
in a sense, this allows them a sort of control over what composers compose/what musicians play.

unity of mood (constant throughout piece or movement);
rhythm: beat emphasized; rhythmic patterns repeat; feeling of forward motion within the piece;sense of energy and drive;
complex; ornate; gaudy.
Melody: longer and complex; tend to repeat in whole or part; lend continuity.
Harmony: major-minor tonality; tonic-dominant relationship; modulation (moves to another key within the piece); chromaticism; dissonance (always has resolution).
Dynamics: constant dynamics for long periods with sudden changes (no crescendos or decrescendos).
Texture: homophonic; monody; polyphonic;contrapuntal.
counterpoint: contrary motion between the lines.
Words: word-painting; lyrics linked to music; chromaticism.

One singer with accompaniment;
homophonic;
recitatives and arias.

Genre that began in Italy in the late Renaissance/early baroque period; Italian opera didn’t spread far from Italy, though it was adapted and became popular in England.
Established major/minor tonality.
Drama that is sung;
music, acting, poetry, dance, scenery, costumes; very gaudy.

Opera primarily reserved for the aristocracy.
Private court theatres;
No access for public.

1st in Venice, Italy in 1637.
17 in Venice by 1700.
Open to anyone who had the price of admission;
Spread more slowly outside of Italy.

text written for an Opera (to be sung to the tune of music written by composer)

writer of text written for an Opera; works with composer to make text into lyrics.

Pretty extras in operas that aren’t allowed to sing.

Artificial male soprano; virtuosic; heroic male roles & female roles; power and brilliance;
Castrates male prior to puberty to preserve voice.

similar in structure to Opera, but altered to entertain British;
didn’t require sets, costumes, choreography;
based on material familiar to British public, like the Old Testament.
Genre started by Handel (the Messiah is an Oratorio)