Get help now
  • Pages 7
  • Words 1641
  • Views 53
  • Download

    Cite

    Clare
    Verified writer
    Rating
    • rating star
    • rating star
    • rating star
    • rating star
    • rating star
    • 4.7/5
    Delivery result 3 hours
    Customers reviews 346
    Hire Writer
    +123 relevant experts are online

    AP Euro Renaissance (Ch.12)

    Academic anxiety?

    Get original paper in 3 hours and nail the task

    Get help now

    124 experts online

    Jacob Burckhardt
    – 19th century historian who believed that the Italian Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world
    – wrote “The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy” (1860)
    Hanseatic League
    – union of 80+ cities in Northern Germany, England, and Scandinavia
    – traded timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wine
    – port city of Bruges (in Flanders, located in modern-day Belgium)
    Italian City States
    – Five Major Powers: Duchy of Milan, Venice / Venetian Republic, Republic of Florence, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples
    – established trade routes with northern parts of Europe (England and the Netherlands)
    – economic conflict with Ottoman Turks
    – Venice and Florence used strategic locations on the Med. to control Euro trade w/ Mid. East and Asia
    – Florence, Rome, Naples, Milan – manufacturing and market centers
    House of Medici
    – one of the most powerful banking families in Italy / Renaissance Europe
    – Florentine roots
    – ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany into the 18th century
    – two popes, many cardinals, and two queens of France belong to the family
    Giovanni de’Medici
    – d. 1429
    – founder of Medici dynasty in Florence
    – lent money for interest
    – ruler of Florence between 1421 – 1429
    Cosimo de’Medici
    – 1389 – 1464
    -Florence
    -son of Giovanni de’Medici
    -banker
    -patron of the arts, such as Donatello
    – “father of his country”
    Federigo de Montefeltro
    – ruled Urbino from 1444 – 1482
    – was honest and reliable
    – Urbino became a cultural center
    Isabella d’Este
    – 1474 – 1539
    – wife of Francesco II Gonzaga, marquis of Mantua
    – “first lady of the world”
    – intelligent and educated woman
    – versed in Renaissance culture
    – was a clever negotiator
    – excellent letter writer
    – under her oversight, Mantua became home to a fine library and transformed into a cultural center
    Baldassare Castiglione
    – 1478 – 1528
    – Milan and Urbino
    – an Italian courtier and influential author who wrote “The Book of the Courtier”
    “The Book of the Courtier”
    -an aristocratic “handbook” by Baldasarre Castiglione that describes how a courtier should act, how he should live, and how he should better himself (ex: education)
    Niccolò Machiavelli
    – 1469 – 1527
    – Florence
    – “The Prince”, his application for employment with Lorenzo d’Medici, became the most important work on political science for centuries
    – advocated for “it is safer to be feared than loved” and “the end justifies the means”
    “The Prince”
    – book written by Machiavelli that details how a ruler should act and how they should hold on to power
    Humanism
    – an intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of the Greeks and the Romans
    Secularism
    – a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.
    Individualism
    – the rise of value for involvement in the world
    – stressed the moral worth of each person
    – contributed partially to the rise of the “Renaissance Man”
    L'uomo Universale
    L’uomo Universale
    – Italian for a “universal man”
    – someone who excels in many different fields
    – “Renaissance Man”
    – ex: Leonardo da Vinci was great at painting, drawing, geometry, architecture, engineering, botany, and anatomy
    Petrarch
    – 1304 – 1374
    – Italian
    – First great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin
    – Famous for writing “Triumphs”, “On the Solitary Life” and various letters to Cicero
    – characterized Middle Ages as “dark”
    – Ascent of Mont Ventoux
    – “Father of Humanism”
    Leonardo Bruni
    – 1369 – 1444
    – Italian humanist
    – “History of the Florentine People” ~ stressed the need for authentic sources in examining history
    – “The New Cicero”
    “The New Cicero”
    – a biography of the Roman the philosopher Cicero
    – written by Leonardo Bruni
    “Oration on the Dignity of Man”
    – work by Pico della Mirandola that supports the idea of man having a special place on the Great Chain of Being
    -belief in unlimited human potential
    Peace of Lodi & balance of power
    – 1454
    – an agreement between the Italian states that ended a half-century of war and created peace
    – it created a balance of power in Italy by making an alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples VS. Venice and the Papal States)
    Masaccio
    – 1410 – 1425
    – Florence Painter
    – “Father of Modern Art”
    – “Expulsion” and “Holy Trinity” show change from Medieval to Renaissance painting due to the use of anatomy and perspective
    Johannes Gutenberg
    – 1398 – 1468
    – German
    – credited as the first to produce books with moveable lead type ~ 1450 (printing press)
    – “Gutenberg Bible”
    Moveable Type
    – the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation)
    – moveable lead type was invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450
    Lorenzo the Magnificent
    – 1449 – 1492
    – Florence
    – Cosimo d’Medici’s grandson
    – lavish patron of the arts
    Patronage
    -support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another
    -in the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors
    Sandro Botticelli
    – 1444 – 1510
    – Venice painter
    – “The Birth of Venus”
    – assisted with decorating the Sistine Chapel
    Donatelo
    – 1386 – 1466
    – Florence Sculptor
    – His broze “David” was the first freestanding bronze statue of a human created in Europe since antiquity (time period before the Middle Ages)
    Brunelleschi
    – 1377 – 1446
    – Florence Architect
    – Created “II Duomo” (built the first Italian freestanding dome since antiquity at the Florence Cathedral / Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower)
    Leonardo da Vinci
    – 1452 – 1519
    – Florence
    – Painter,sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist
    – Greatest works: “The Last Supper” ( 1495 – 1498) and the “Mona Lisa” (1503 – 1506)
    – designed flying machines and tanks
    – rival of Michelangelo
    – patron was Leonardo the Magnificent and Lodovico Sforza
    – Vitruvian Man (1487)
    Raphael
    – 1483 – 1520
    – Urbino, Italy
    – Painter
    – chief architect of St.Peter’s Basilica in Rome
    – “The School of Athens”
    – madonnas
    Trinity of 15th Century Artists
    -Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael
    Michelangelo
    -1474 – 1564
    – painter, sculptor, architect, poet
    – Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II
    – the “Pieta”, “David”, and “Moses”
    Flanders
    – a historical geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands
    – associated with Northern Renaissance
    Jan van Eyck
    -1390 – 1441
    – Dutch painter of 15th century
    – symbolic oil paintings w/ meticulous detail that focused on religious or secular themes
    – best known for the “Ghent Altarpiece” and “The Arnolfini Wedding”
    Albrecht Dürer
    – 1471 – 1528
    – self-portraits and woodblock prints (“The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”)
    – “Adoration of the Magi”
    – “Christ Amongst the Doctors”
    “New Monarchies”
    – term used to refer to states where the royal families were able to extend their political power in te second half of the 15th century (France, England , Spain)
    – retained feudal income while also taxing towns, merchants, peasants
    – created professional armies that were paid from the royal treasury
    – created a more centralized administrative bureaucracy that relied upon educated and loyal middle-class officials
    – negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church
    Louis XI
    – reigned 1461 – 1483
    – “the spider” b/c of devious ways
    – made the taille a permanent tax
    – conflict w/ Charles the Bold over land; Charles had tried to create a new kingdom between France and Germany; Charles died and Louis took the land
    – enlarged the royal army
    – encouraged new industries such as silk weaving
    – impact of reign: strong French monarchy
    War of Roses
    – Civil war in England in the 1450s between the House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red rose) and the House of York (symbolized by the white rose)
    – Henry Tudor won the way by defeating the Yorks in 1485
    Henry VII and the Tudors
    – won the War of Roses
    – created the Court of Star Chamber (controlled nobles w/o juries and used torture)
    – avoided overtaking his people and not asking for gov’t funds by not engaging in wars
    – used diplomacy
    Ferdinand and Isabella
    – Ferdinand of Aragon (reigned 1479 – 1516) and Isabella of Castile (reigned 1474 – 1504) married in (1469 and united the Iberian peninsula’s two most powerful royal houses
    – reduced number of nobles on the royal council, replaced with lawyers trained in Roman law
    – established a strong infantry force
    – gained right to appoint Spanish church officials
    Spanish Inquisition
    – policy that persecuted heresy and insincere orthodoxy of Christians
    – expelled all Jews from Spain in 1492
    – expelled all Muslims from Spain in 1502
    Reconquista
    – Christian struggle to take the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control
    – Completed in early 1490s by Ferdinand and Isabella by conquering Granada and incorporating it into the Spanish kingdom
    Holy Roman Empire
    – over 300 small principalities, duchies, and ind. cities
    – The Hapsburgs
    – Maximilian I
    – Charles V
    The Hapsburgs
    – origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740
    Ivan III
    – reigned 1462 – 1505
    – created the Russian state and annexed territories from the Mongols by 1480
    – principality of Moscow
    Fall of Constantinople (1453)
    – spread of Muslim influence into Eastern Europe / the Balkan States
    -marked the end of the Roman Empire
    Jan Hus
    – 1374 – 1415
    – chancellor of the University of Prague
    – called for end to worldliness and clergy corruption
    – disliked Papal power
    – message resonated w/ clergy, czech people, and anti-German sentiment
    – executed by the Council of Constance in 1415
    – “The Hussites”
    John Wycliffe
    – 1328 – 1384
    – Oxford theologen who did not agree w/ practices of Catholic church such as temporal authority, pilgrimages, veneration of the saints
    – believed Bible was sole authority of Christianity
    – wanted vernacular Bibles
    – followers became known as Lollards
    Pope Julius II
    – reigned 1503 – 1513
    – Italian
    – decided to rebuild St.Peter’s Basilica
    – patronized Raphael and Michelangelo
    – “war pope”
    Pope Leo
    – reigned 1513 – 1521
    – second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent
    – opulent pope
    – didn’t realize importance of Reformation
    – issued the bull excommunicating Luther

    This essay was written by a fellow student. You may use it as a guide or sample for writing your own paper, but remember to cite it correctly. Don’t submit it as your own as it will be considered plagiarism.

    Need custom essay sample written special for your assignment?

    Choose skilled expert on your subject and get original paper with free plagiarism report

    Order custom paper Without paying upfront

    AP Euro Renaissance (Ch.12). (2017, Sep 05). Retrieved from https://artscolumbia.org/ap-euro-renaissance-ch-12-13915/

    We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy

    Hi, my name is Amy 👋

    In case you can't find a relevant example, our professional writers are ready to help you write a unique paper. Just talk to our smart assistant Amy and she'll connect you with the best match.

    Get help with your paper