Amsco APUSH Chapter 23

29th president of the US; Republican; “Return to Normalcy” (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal (Teapot Dome; bribes / getting $ to not charge certain people of their crimes)Died + then Coolidge took over. Said to be one of the worst presidents in US history

secretary of state, Washington Naval Conference , urged that no more warships be built for 10 years, suggested that United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy scrap many of their battleships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers.

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially. He is often called the greatest Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton.

Attorney General under Harding who sold illegal liquor licenses and pardons under Harding. He accepted bribes, involved in scandals, and a member of the Ohio Gang (Teapot Dome)

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding’s administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Fall accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming

raised tariff rates to protect post WWI America

Established under Harding’s Presidency, national budget had to be approved by Congress

30th President, believed in limited govt. + free market. Kept close watch on budget, vetoed Repub. majority act, Did not allow bonuses for WWI vets. Vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill (would have helped farmers as crop prices fell)
“The business of America is business”

31st President , ran on campaign saying poverty would soon be ended, Stock Market crash, prohibition (18th Amendment)

Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition. (1928 Election)

-increased productivity in factories (Henry Ford + the assembly line)
-energy technologies ( oil 23% of US energy, electric motors)
-govt. policy = favored big business (tax cuts + rarely enforcing anti-trust laws) large tax cuts = imbalance in incomes + increased speculation in markets. Federal Reserve = low interest rates + relaxed regulation of banks + then tightened $ supply @ the wrong time

some were rich some were poor ???????????????

Frederick W. Taylor’s method of managing factories through the use of timing each step of assembling the product, and ordering it in a systematic and orderly way to take as little time as possible

used the assembly line to increase productivity in his factories

stimulated business prosperity by increasing productivity. Henry Ford used this method in his factories

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

An economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

consumerism; refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, washing machines,

many industries depended on its sales (oil, rubber)
some thought that it directly contributed to the breakdown of youth’s morals

1920s: black jazz became popular during this time and led to a free American spirit

broadcast music for all to hear, didn’t need to be live

NBC (National Broadcasting Company) + CBS (Colombia Broadcasting System)

LA , California : film industry + celebrities became a thing in this place.

Greta Garbo + Rudolf Valentino. People began looking towards actors and celebrities as “heros” opposed to people looking towards military heros + presidents + politicians

these began getting built + showed talking picture shows

shift from political heros to sports heros + movie stars

@ Home = homemakers + mothers , intro of washing machine + vacuum cleaner

In the labor force
– clerks, nurses, teachers, + domestics, lower wages then men

sexual repression => mental illness
famous in psychology field

moral revolution.
-premarital sex = invention of the modern age.
-dances, movies, + books encouraged promiscuity

advocate for birth control

universal high school education
by the end of 1920’s # of high school grads doubled to 25%

Journalist who wrote “Only Yesterday” breath taking change from 1919 to 1920 overnight. Book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated typical 20’s family and how progressed: can foods, radio, bob hair cuts, smoking , clubs, etc.

Written by Frederick Lewis Allen, showed change from 1919 -> the 20’s through a typical family of the time

Coined the term the “Lost Generation” during a conversation with Hemingway. “All of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation… You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death.” Stein was good friends with many of the great writers + painters of the lost generation

Writers + Painters who commonly flocked to Paris in the 1920’s . Scorned religion + the sacrifices made in war. Were often characterized by their disgust in the materialistic glamour of the time + were more interested in existential, and somewhat cynical views with their expressed disillusionment w/ the ideals of an earlier time + w/ the materialism of a business culture. Many succumbed to alcoholism in a way to escape their harsh disattachment from the society of the time

wife Zelda, famous for his work on The Great Gatsby, part of the Lost Generation, became good friends with Hemingway but ultimately ended the friendship in a spat , alcoholic

the most recognized writer of the Lost Generation , moved to Europe to express his distaste in America, “mans man” , wrote Farewell to Arms where he expressed the horrible sacrifices of war + his distaste for it (ruined everything + everyone) Cynical, boxer , writer

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)
Lost Generation

Poet of the Lost Generation
chief prophet of modernism in Long, deeply concerned with creating new and often difficult styles of modernist expression. As a foreign editor of Poetry, Pound became the conduit through which many American poets achieved publication

Poet of the Lost Generation
portrayed a world of growing desolation but eventually hoped cautiously for humanity’s salvation

Lost Generation
plays which expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time + with the materialism of a business-oriented culture. Alcoholic

Art Deco -> Chrysler building + Empire State building

Art style of the 1920s and 1930s based on modern materials and repetitive geometric patterns. Chrysler building + Empire State building

painter , painted scenes of loneliness + isolation of urban life. i.e. his painting Nighthawks + Night on the El Train

Grant Wood + Thomas Hart Benton (painters) who celebrated the rural people + scenes of the heartland of America

regional artist who celebrated the rural people + scenes of the heartland of America

classical composer who mixed it w/ Jazz. Rhapsody in Blue

African Americans migrated to North from the South

African Americans developed Harlem in NYC
lots of talented actors, artists, musicians, + writers came out of Harlem

American romantic poet closely associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

NAACP leader and Harlem Renaissance writer; he wrote poetry and, with his brother, the song “Lift Every Voice and Sing.”

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem “If We Must Die” after the Chicago riot of 1919.

jazz musician associated with Harlem Renaissance

jazz musicians associated with Harlem Renaissance, influenced future generations of musicians

blues singer , Harlem Renaissance

multi-talented singer + actor, Harlem Renaissance

Marcus Garvey advocated for a “back to Africa” movement

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Marcus Garvey inspired later generations to embrace the cause of black pride + nationalism

historical + critical view of bible passage + believed they could accept Darwin’s theory of evolution w/o abandoning their faith

taught every word of the bible as TRUE , doctrine = creationism (idea that God had created the universe in 7 days) explained all life

radios preached fundamentalism, “Bill Sunday” attack drinking , gambling, + dancing. Aimee Semple McPherson condemned communism + jazz music

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs. Prohibition basically poured gasoline all over this caused it to become rampant in american cities

Chicago gang leader, fought for control of bootlegging trade. Organized crime increased, people made millions off sale of illegal booze + it allowed gangs to expand to prostitution, gambling + drugs

people saw that prohibition = public resentment + increased criminal activity, w/ Great Depression, economic reason added to argument. This Amendment repealed the 18th Amendment (prohibition)

1921- limited immigration to 357,000 people
1924- 2% of immigrants allowed into country (to limit Southern + Eastern Europeans)

these two Italian immigrants were convicted of robbery + murder. Liberals protested that they were innocent + had been accused just bc they were Italian immigrants + anarchists. Later executed in 1927

Terrorized + target anyone “un-American” , white hoods, burn crosses, whips, tar + feathered, lynching. Strong political influence @ times

convinced people to join the KKK bc it portrayed KKK members during Reconstruction as HEROS

The KKK hated these types of peoples

Occurred to Germany after World War I; It was enforced to have very reduced numbers of tanks, aircraft etc. Definition- The reduction of the number of weapons that are under the use of a Nation

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes initiated talk on navel disarmament (stabilize size of US Navy to that of other powers + resolved conflicts in the Pacific)
Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, + Portugal in attendance

Largest Naval powers agreed to following ratio of ships, US:5 , Great Britain:5 , Japan:3 , France:1.67 , Italy:1.67 . US and Great Britain agreed NOT to fortify their possessions in Pacific, no limit for/ob Japanese

All 9 nations present @ the Washington Conference agreed to respect the Open Door policy by guaranteeing the territorial integrity of China

This Treaty renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends; almost all the nations of the world signed it. It proved ineffective because it 1) permitted defensive wars 2) failed to provide for taking action against the violators of the treaty. .

US removed military influnce here, but by doing so our economic impact skyrocketed. US investments in Latin America doubled between 1919-1929

US wanted Great Britain + France to pay up the $10 billion they lent them, they didn’t want to + couldn’t bc of our high tariffs + bc they felt they suffered greater losses in the war. Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay $30 billion to allies but they were bankrupt w/ tons of inflation + were near anarchy so they could not

Payment for damages after a war

plan for US to get $ back from war debts
US banks lend Germany $ -> Germany rebuild economy + pay back Great Britain + France -> Great Britain + France would use the $ to pay back the US
Stock market crash messed up the whole thing!